Factors Impacting Agricultural Production and the Role of Agricultural Extension Services in Kenya
Abstract
Productivity in agricultural is also important for spurring economic growth in other sectors. Farmers live in remote rural areas and make up 75% of the world’s poor. In Sub-Sahara Africa (SSA), productivity in agriculture lags behind globally, and is below the required standards of achieving food security, poverty goals and food sufficiency. As an important sector in the Kenyan economy, agriculture continues to dominate other sectors despite its declining contribution to real GDP. The development in agriculture is that one which revolutionizes the industry by bringing forth profitable agriculture and environment friendly solutions. Kenya government through the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, have in the past tried to pass information to the farmers via agricultural extension officers. However, the quality of the information disseminated to the farmers has not been up to date, information delivery has not been good, the mode of communication also questionable owing to literacy levels of our farmers and indeed that of the extension officers, information technology has not been embraced fully making it difficult for our farmers to progress with their counterparts in other parts of the world. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors impacting agricultural production and the role of agricultural extension services in Kenya. This study is anchored on Diffusion of Innovations Theory. The study employed a mixed design involving a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approach. And the target population was made up of farmers, officers from the ministry of agriculture and officers from agricultural extension service providers. Data was gathered using both structured questionnaire and interview guides. The collected data was analysed with the aid of SPSS software using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed a coefficient of determination (R squared) of 0.319 implying that agricultural extension services explains 31.9 % of the variation in agricultural production in Kenya. The study also showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between agricultural extension services and agricultural production in Kenya (β=1.561, p=.003<.05). The study concludes that agricultural extension services play a significant role in improving agricultural production in Kenya because agricultural extension services offers technical advice on agriculture to farmers. It is thus recommended that agricultural extension service delivery should be boosted through timely recruitment, periodic training of agents and provision of adequate logistics to the farmers.
Keywords: Agricultural extension services, agricultural factors, agricultural production, farmers in Kenya
References
Abdalqader, R. A. (2022). International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development.
Aboyeji, C. M., Olaniyan, D. O., Dunsin, O., Adekiya, A. O., Okunlola, F. O., Ejue, S. W., ... & Adeniyi, H. A. (2021). Physiological growth, yield and quality responses of okra to sole and combined soil application of green biomass, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers. Plant Physiology Reports, 26(4), 709-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-021-00628-7
Antwi-Agyei, P., & Stringer, L. C. (2021). Improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in supporting farmers to adapt to climate change: Insights from northeastern Ghana. Climate Risk Management, 32, 100304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100304
Auya, S., Barasa, F., & Sambu, L. (2022). Land Sub-Division and its Impact on Household Food Security. Evidence from Nyamira North Sub County, Kenya.
Blanco-Canqui, H., & Ruis, S. J. (2018). No-tillage and soil physical environment. Geoderma, 326, 164-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.011
Dan, V., Osterheider, A., & Raupp, J. (2019). The diffusion of innovations in agricultural circles: An explorative study on alternative antimicrobial agents. Science Communication, 41(1), 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547018819159
Danso-Abbeam, G., Ehiakpor, D. S., & Aidoo, R. (2018). Agricultural extension and its effects on farm productivity and income: insight from Northern Ghana. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0225-x
de Mello, K., Taniwaki, R. H., de Paula, F. R., Valente, R. A., Randhir, T. O., Macedo, D. R., ... & Hughes, R. M. (2020). Multiscale land use impacts on water quality: Assessment, planning, and future perspectives in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, 270, 110879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110879
Demissie, B., Amsalu, A., Tesfamariam, Z., Nyssen, J., Meaza, H., Asfaha, T. G., ... & Van Eetvelde, V. (2022). Landscape changes in the semi-closed Raya agricultural graben floor of Northern Ethiopia. Earth Systems and Environment, 6(2), 453-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00261-2
Derbile, E. K., Chirawurah, D., & Naab, F. X. (2022). Vulnerability of smallholder agriculture to environmental change in North-Western Ghana and implications for development planning. Climate and Development, 14(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1881423
Elavarasan, D., Vincent, D. R., Sharma, V., Zomaya, A. Y., & Srinivasan, K. (2018). Forecasting yield by integrating agrarian factors and machine learning models: A survey. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 155, 257-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.10.024
Enu, P., & Attah-Obeng, P. (2019). Which macro factors influence agricultural production in Ghana?. Academic Research International, 4(5), 333.
Evans, M. M., Samuel, N. N., & Samuel, C. M. (2021). Production of indigenous poultry among smallholder farmers in Tigania West Meru County, Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(5), 705-713. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2021.15465
Fadeyi, O. A., Ariyawardana, A., & Aziz, A. A. (2022). Factors influencing technology adoption among smallholder farmers: a systematic review in Africa.
Garofalo, D. F. T., Novaes, R. M. L., Pazianotto, R. A., Maciel, V. G., Brandão, M., Shimbo, J. Z., & Folegatti-Matsuura, M. I. (2022). Land-use change CO2 emissions associated with agricultural products at municipal level in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 364, 132549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132549
Girma, Y. (2022). Credit access and agricultural technology adoption nexus in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 100362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100362
Hoang, A. T., Huang, Z., Nižetić, S., Pandey, A., Nguyen, X. P., Luque, R., ... & Le, T. H. (2021). Characteristics of hydrogen production from steam gasification of plant-originated lignocellulosic biomass and its prospects in Vietnam. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.091
Hu, W., Drewry, J., Beare, M., Eger, A., & Müller, K. (2021). Compaction induced soil structural degradation affects productivity and environmental outcomes: a review and New Zealand case study. Geoderma, 395, 115035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115035
Hussen, C. H., & Geleta, F. T. (2021). Factors Affecting Smallholder Farmers Participations in Cluster Crop Production: Evidence from Selected Districts of West Shewa Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 37(3). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2021/37.3.818.829
Isidore, M. M., Cisabu, M. C. M., & Murhebwa, M. M. (2018). Education and Agricultural Productivity in Democratic Republic of Congo: The Case of South-Kivu Province. International Journal of Elementary Education, 7(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20180701.12
Jha, K., Doshi, A., Patel, P., & Shah, M. (2019). A comprehensive review on automation in agriculture using artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, 2, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2019.05.004
Kassem, H. S., Alotaibi, B. A., Muddassir, M., & Herab, A. (2021). Factors influencing farmers’ satisfaction with the quality of agricultural extension services. Evaluation and Program Planning, 85, 101912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101912
Khudoynazarovich, K. S. (2021). Economic issues of ensuring economic efficiency in agricultural production and the use of innovative agricultural technologies. SAARJ Journal on Banking & Insurance Research, 10(2), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.5958/2319-1422.2021.00011.4
Kogo, B. K., Kumar, L., Koech, R., & Hasan, M. K. (2022). Response to climate change in a rain-fed crop production system: insights from maize farmers of western Kenya. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 27(8), 1-17.
Lavoie, A. L., Dentzman, K., & Wardropper, C. B. (2021). Using diffusion of innovations theory to understand agricultural producer perspectives on cover cropping in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 36(4), 384-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-022-10023-8
Liang, X. Z., Wu, Y., Chambers, R. G., Schmoldt, D. L., Gao, W., Liu, C., ... & Kennedy, J. A. (2017). Determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(12), E2285-E2292. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615922114
N. Kingiri, A. (2021). Agricultural advisory and extension service approaches and inclusion in reaching out to Kenyan rural farmers. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(7), 797-806. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1823098
Namonje-Kapembwa, T., Chiwawa, H., & Sitko, N. (2022). Analysis of goat production and marketing among smallholder farmers Zambia. Small Ruminant Research, 208, 106620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106620
Nyarko, D. A., & Kozári, J. (2021). Information and communication technologies (ICTs) usage among agricultural extension officers and its impact on extension delivery in Ghana. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(3), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2021.01.002
Nyinamugisha, J. (2019). Analysis of socioeconomic factors affecting agricultural production in Uganda: a case of Bagezza sub county, Mubende District (Doctoral dissertation, Makerere University).
Omache, N. (2016). Factors influencing agricultural productivity in Kenya: A case of Nyathuna ward in Kabete Sub-County, Kiambu County (Doctoral dissertation, University Of Nairobi).
Onogwu, G. O., Audu, I. A., & Igbodor, F. O. (2017). Factors influencing agricultural productivity of smallholder farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 6(1), 114-118.
Osei-Kwasi, H. A., Laar, A., Zotor, F., Pradeilles, R., Aryeetey, R., Green, M., ... & Holdsworth, M. (2021). The African urban food environment framework for creating healthy nutrition policy and interventions in urban Africa. Plos one, 16(4), e0249621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249621
Pellegrina, H. S. (2022). Trade, productivity, and the spatial organization of agriculture: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102816
Qader, S. H., Dash, J., Alegana, V. A., Khwarahm, N. R., Tatem, A. J., & Atkinson, P. M. (2021). The role of earth observation in achieving sustainable agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote Sensing, 13(17), 3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173382
Rada, N., Helfand, S., & Magalhães, M. (2019). Agricultural productivity growth in Brazil: Large and small farms excel. Food policy, 84, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.03.014
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2014). Diffusion of innovations. In An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 432-448). Routledge.
Ruzzante, S., Labarta, R., & Bilton, A. (2021). Adoption of agricultural technology in the developing world: a meta-analysis of the empirical literature. World Development, 146, 105599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105599
Sazonova, E., Borisova, V., Terentyev, S., Kramlikh, O., & Sidorenkova, I. (2021). Technologies for digital modeling of spatial information about the area for agricultural production. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 93, p. 05007). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219305007
Simin, M. T., & Janković, D. (2014). Applicability of diffusion of innovation theory in organic agriculture. Economics of Agriculture, 61(2), 517-529. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj1402517T
Sulandjari, K., Putra, A., Sulaminingsih, S., Adi Cakranegara, P., Yusroni, N., & Andiyan, A. (2022). Agricultural extension in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: Issues and challenges in the field. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 137-143.
Sulandjari, K., Putra, A., Sulaminingsih, S., Adi Cakranegara, P., Yusroni, N., & Andiyan, A. (2022). Agricultural extension in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: Issues and challenges in the field. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 137-143.
Thierfelder, C., & Mhlanga, B. (2022). Short-term yield gains or long-term sustainability?–a synthesis of Conservation Agriculture long-term experiments in Southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 326, 107812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107812
Uwamariya, M., Kyule, N. M., & Eric, K. B. (2022). Does access to credit influence the adoption of good agricultural practices? The case of smallholder potato farmers in Molo Sub-County, Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 14(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2021.1294
Wang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, G., & Wang, Z. (2021). Evaluation of agricultural extension service for sustainable agricultural development using a hybrid entropy and TOPSIS method. Sustainability, 13(1), 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010347
Aboyeji, C. M., Olaniyan, D. O., Dunsin, O., Adekiya, A. O., Okunlola, F. O., Ejue, S. W., ... & Adeniyi, H. A. (2021). Physiological growth, yield and quality responses of okra to sole and combined soil application of green biomass, poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers. Plant Physiology Reports, 26(4), 709-721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-021-00628-7
Antwi-Agyei, P., & Stringer, L. C. (2021). Improving the effectiveness of agricultural extension services in supporting farmers to adapt to climate change: Insights from northeastern Ghana. Climate Risk Management, 32, 100304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100304
Auya, S., Barasa, F., & Sambu, L. (2022). Land Sub-Division and its Impact on Household Food Security. Evidence from Nyamira North Sub County, Kenya.
Blanco-Canqui, H., & Ruis, S. J. (2018). No-tillage and soil physical environment. Geoderma, 326, 164-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.03.011
Dan, V., Osterheider, A., & Raupp, J. (2019). The diffusion of innovations in agricultural circles: An explorative study on alternative antimicrobial agents. Science Communication, 41(1), 3-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547018819159
Danso-Abbeam, G., Ehiakpor, D. S., & Aidoo, R. (2018). Agricultural extension and its effects on farm productivity and income: insight from Northern Ghana. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0225-x
de Mello, K., Taniwaki, R. H., de Paula, F. R., Valente, R. A., Randhir, T. O., Macedo, D. R., ... & Hughes, R. M. (2020). Multiscale land use impacts on water quality: Assessment, planning, and future perspectives in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, 270, 110879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110879
Demissie, B., Amsalu, A., Tesfamariam, Z., Nyssen, J., Meaza, H., Asfaha, T. G., ... & Van Eetvelde, V. (2022). Landscape changes in the semi-closed Raya agricultural graben floor of Northern Ethiopia. Earth Systems and Environment, 6(2), 453-468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00261-2
Derbile, E. K., Chirawurah, D., & Naab, F. X. (2022). Vulnerability of smallholder agriculture to environmental change in North-Western Ghana and implications for development planning. Climate and Development, 14(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2021.1881423
Elavarasan, D., Vincent, D. R., Sharma, V., Zomaya, A. Y., & Srinivasan, K. (2018). Forecasting yield by integrating agrarian factors and machine learning models: A survey. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 155, 257-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.10.024
Enu, P., & Attah-Obeng, P. (2019). Which macro factors influence agricultural production in Ghana?. Academic Research International, 4(5), 333.
Evans, M. M., Samuel, N. N., & Samuel, C. M. (2021). Production of indigenous poultry among smallholder farmers in Tigania West Meru County, Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 17(5), 705-713. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2021.15465
Fadeyi, O. A., Ariyawardana, A., & Aziz, A. A. (2022). Factors influencing technology adoption among smallholder farmers: a systematic review in Africa.
Garofalo, D. F. T., Novaes, R. M. L., Pazianotto, R. A., Maciel, V. G., Brandão, M., Shimbo, J. Z., & Folegatti-Matsuura, M. I. (2022). Land-use change CO2 emissions associated with agricultural products at municipal level in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 364, 132549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132549
Girma, Y. (2022). Credit access and agricultural technology adoption nexus in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 100362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100362
Hoang, A. T., Huang, Z., Nižetić, S., Pandey, A., Nguyen, X. P., Luque, R., ... & Le, T. H. (2021). Characteristics of hydrogen production from steam gasification of plant-originated lignocellulosic biomass and its prospects in Vietnam. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.091
Hu, W., Drewry, J., Beare, M., Eger, A., & Müller, K. (2021). Compaction induced soil structural degradation affects productivity and environmental outcomes: a review and New Zealand case study. Geoderma, 395, 115035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115035
Hussen, C. H., & Geleta, F. T. (2021). Factors Affecting Smallholder Farmers Participations in Cluster Crop Production: Evidence from Selected Districts of West Shewa Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 37(3). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2021/37.3.818.829
Isidore, M. M., Cisabu, M. C. M., & Murhebwa, M. M. (2018). Education and Agricultural Productivity in Democratic Republic of Congo: The Case of South-Kivu Province. International Journal of Elementary Education, 7(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijeedu.20180701.12
Jha, K., Doshi, A., Patel, P., & Shah, M. (2019). A comprehensive review on automation in agriculture using artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, 2, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2019.05.004
Kassem, H. S., Alotaibi, B. A., Muddassir, M., & Herab, A. (2021). Factors influencing farmers’ satisfaction with the quality of agricultural extension services. Evaluation and Program Planning, 85, 101912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101912
Khudoynazarovich, K. S. (2021). Economic issues of ensuring economic efficiency in agricultural production and the use of innovative agricultural technologies. SAARJ Journal on Banking & Insurance Research, 10(2), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.5958/2319-1422.2021.00011.4
Kogo, B. K., Kumar, L., Koech, R., & Hasan, M. K. (2022). Response to climate change in a rain-fed crop production system: insights from maize farmers of western Kenya. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 27(8), 1-17.
Lavoie, A. L., Dentzman, K., & Wardropper, C. B. (2021). Using diffusion of innovations theory to understand agricultural producer perspectives on cover cropping in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 36(4), 384-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-022-10023-8
Liang, X. Z., Wu, Y., Chambers, R. G., Schmoldt, D. L., Gao, W., Liu, C., ... & Kennedy, J. A. (2017). Determining climate effects on US total agricultural productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(12), E2285-E2292. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615922114
N. Kingiri, A. (2021). Agricultural advisory and extension service approaches and inclusion in reaching out to Kenyan rural farmers. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 13(7), 797-806. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2020.1823098
Namonje-Kapembwa, T., Chiwawa, H., & Sitko, N. (2022). Analysis of goat production and marketing among smallholder farmers Zambia. Small Ruminant Research, 208, 106620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106620
Nyarko, D. A., & Kozári, J. (2021). Information and communication technologies (ICTs) usage among agricultural extension officers and its impact on extension delivery in Ghana. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 20(3), 164-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2021.01.002
Nyinamugisha, J. (2019). Analysis of socioeconomic factors affecting agricultural production in Uganda: a case of Bagezza sub county, Mubende District (Doctoral dissertation, Makerere University).
Omache, N. (2016). Factors influencing agricultural productivity in Kenya: A case of Nyathuna ward in Kabete Sub-County, Kiambu County (Doctoral dissertation, University Of Nairobi).
Onogwu, G. O., Audu, I. A., & Igbodor, F. O. (2017). Factors influencing agricultural productivity of smallholder farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research, 6(1), 114-118.
Osei-Kwasi, H. A., Laar, A., Zotor, F., Pradeilles, R., Aryeetey, R., Green, M., ... & Holdsworth, M. (2021). The African urban food environment framework for creating healthy nutrition policy and interventions in urban Africa. Plos one, 16(4), e0249621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249621
Pellegrina, H. S. (2022). Trade, productivity, and the spatial organization of agriculture: Evidence from Brazil. Journal of Development Economics, 156, 102816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102816
Qader, S. H., Dash, J., Alegana, V. A., Khwarahm, N. R., Tatem, A. J., & Atkinson, P. M. (2021). The role of earth observation in achieving sustainable agricultural production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote Sensing, 13(17), 3382. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173382
Rada, N., Helfand, S., & Magalhães, M. (2019). Agricultural productivity growth in Brazil: Large and small farms excel. Food policy, 84, 176-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.03.014
Rogers, E. M., Singhal, A., & Quinlan, M. M. (2014). Diffusion of innovations. In An integrated approach to communication theory and research (pp. 432-448). Routledge.
Ruzzante, S., Labarta, R., & Bilton, A. (2021). Adoption of agricultural technology in the developing world: a meta-analysis of the empirical literature. World Development, 146, 105599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105599
Sazonova, E., Borisova, V., Terentyev, S., Kramlikh, O., & Sidorenkova, I. (2021). Technologies for digital modeling of spatial information about the area for agricultural production. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 93, p. 05007). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219305007
Simin, M. T., & Janković, D. (2014). Applicability of diffusion of innovation theory in organic agriculture. Economics of Agriculture, 61(2), 517-529. https://doi.org/10.5937/ekoPolj1402517T
Sulandjari, K., Putra, A., Sulaminingsih, S., Adi Cakranegara, P., Yusroni, N., & Andiyan, A. (2022). Agricultural extension in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: Issues and challenges in the field. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 137-143.
Sulandjari, K., Putra, A., Sulaminingsih, S., Adi Cakranegara, P., Yusroni, N., & Andiyan, A. (2022). Agricultural extension in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic: Issues and challenges in the field. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 20(1), 137-143.
Thierfelder, C., & Mhlanga, B. (2022). Short-term yield gains or long-term sustainability?–a synthesis of Conservation Agriculture long-term experiments in Southern Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 326, 107812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107812
Uwamariya, M., Kyule, N. M., & Eric, K. B. (2022). Does access to credit influence the adoption of good agricultural practices? The case of smallholder potato farmers in Molo Sub-County, Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 14(1), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAERD2021.1294
Wang, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, G., & Wang, Z. (2021). Evaluation of agricultural extension service for sustainable agricultural development using a hybrid entropy and TOPSIS method. Sustainability, 13(1), 347. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010347
Published
2023-01-17
How to Cite
Kathula, D. N. (2023). Factors Impacting Agricultural Production and the Role of Agricultural Extension Services in Kenya. Journal of Agriculture, 7(1), 22 - 44. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t4115
Issue
Section
Articles
