Effect of Direct Costs of Education on Students’ Transition Rate in Public Boarding Secondary Schools in Kenya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2110Abstract
Educational resources and facilities cost money. The government and families mostly cover these expenditures. Kenya has spent considerably in education to improve access and participation. Despite these attempts, many students enroll in secondary school in form one, but the numbers drop as they advance to form four. Some are unsuccessful in the four-year course. The study's main goal was to determine the effect of direct educational costs on the transition rates of students in public boarding secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County. This research employed a Convergent Parallel Mixed Methods Design. 34 principals and 3,917 parents were targeted. The sample includes all the 34 principals and 362 parents purposively and Yamane's Simplified formula-selected respectively. Proportional random sampling aided in the choice of parents. Interviews, questionnaires, and archive content analysis collected data. Thematic analysis helped interpret qualitative data while inferential and descriptive statistics interpreted quantitative data. The findings indicated that, in public boarding secondary schools, student transition is highly connected with direct educational expenses. Direct educational expenditures predict public boarding secondary school students’ grade to grade transition rate. They explain 81.8% of the variation with repairs, maintenance and improvement cost accounting for the highest (34.7%) and school meals was responsible for 0.1% of the variance. The study concluded that, direct costs of education affect students’ grade to grade transition. It recommends the government to: review and increase student capitation so as to cover boarding expenses, diversify funding sources to fully cushion the needy students and fully fund school projects and programmes in order to relieve parents/guardians of the cost burden and thus increase student participation in Public Boarding Secondary schools.
Keywords: Direct costs of education, Boarding Expenses, Board of Management Salaries and Motivation Fees, Public Boarding secondary Schools, Student Capitation, Students’ Transition Rates
References
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Bennell, P., Bulwani, G & Musikanga, M. (2016). Costs and Financing of Secondary Education in Zambia: A Situational Analysis, No. 42912. Vol. 6. Retrieved from: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US2012415382
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Abuya, B., Adamson, K., Ngware, M. Onsomu, E & Oketch, M. (2015). Free Primary Education and Implementation in Kenya: The role of Primary School Teachers in Addressing the Policy Gap. Nairobi: Sage.
Ahmed, M. (2011). Impact of feeding children in school: Evidence from Bangladesh. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Akaguri, L. (2011). Household choice of schools in Rural Ghana: Exploring the Contributions and limits of low-fee private schools to Education for All. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sussex.
Alderman, H. Behrman, J. R. Lary, V, & Menon, R. (2001). Child health and school Enrolment: A longitudinal analysis. The Journal of Human Resource, 36(1):185-205
Amjad, R. & Macleod, G. (2014). Academic effectiveness of Private-Public and Private-Partnership Schools in Pakistan. International Journal of Education Development, 37, 22-31.
Amunga, J. & Ondigi, B. (2016). The effect of user charges on access to basic education in Kenya. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science (IJAERS), 3(2), 73-78.
Barungi, M. & Mwesigye, F. (2019). Lowering the cost of secondary Education Strategies Public-Private Partnerships: Evidence from the promoting Equality in African Schools (PEAS) Programme in Uganda. Policy Brief: Economic Policy Research Centre. Issue No. 103 (March 2019). Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/eprcpb/291794.html
Bennell, P., Bulwani, G & Musikanga, M. (2016). Costs and Financing of Secondary Education in Zambia: A Situational Analysis, No. 42912. Vol. 6. Retrieved from: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US2012415382
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Gasson, N. R., Pratt, K., Smith, J. K., & Calder, J. E. (2017). The Impact of Cost on Children’s Participation in School-Based Experiences: Parents’ Perceptions. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 52(1), 123–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40841-016-0046-z
GoK. (2010). Educational Statistics Booklets 2003-2007. Nairobi: Government Printers.
GoK. (2012). A Policy Framework for Education: Aligning Education and Training The Constitution of Kenya and Vision 2030 and Beyond. Nairobi: Government Printers.
GoK (2012). Evaluation Research for Beginners: A Practical Study Guide. Bonn: Deutsche Stifling for International Eritwick.
Hanushek, E.A. (2007). Education Production Functions. Stanford. California: Stanford University
KIPPRA. (2001). Education Indicators in Kenya (No. 4; Working Paper). Nairobi: KIPPRA.
Kiruru, N. J., Mogaka, M. C., & Pierre, M. J. (2020). Schooling Hidden Costs : the Correlation Between Home-Based Costs and Students ’ Transition Rate in Rwanda. Eoropean Journal of Education Studies, 34–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834855
Kombo, D. and Tromp, D. (2009). Proposal and Thesis Writing: an Introduction. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.
Kothari, C. & Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology (3rd ed): Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
Kothari, C.R. (2014). Research methodology methods and techniques (2nd Ed.). New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
Lancaster, G. Dodd, S & Williamson P. (2004). Designed and analysis of pilot Studies; recommendations for good practice. Journal of education in clinical practice, 10(2), 307-312
Ministry of Education, Kenya. (2012). Report of the task force on the re-alignment of the Education sector to the constitution of Kenya 2010: towards globally competitive quality education for sustainable development. Nairobi: Ministry of education
Muganda, J.A., Simiyu, A.M. & Riech, A. (2016). Factors affecting Subsidized Free Day Secondary Education in Enhancing Learners' Retention in Secondary Schools in Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(20), 49-55.
Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, A. (2003). Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Nairobi: Act Press.
Mutegi, R.G., (2015). Influence of unit cost of Education on student Enrolment rates In Public secondary schools in Tharaka South Sub-County, Kenya. Ph.D. thesis, University of Nairobi.
Nderitu, J. (2011). Determinants of Education output in public secondary schools in Central Province, Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, Kenyatta University.
Njeru, E & Orodho, J. (2003). Access and participation in secondary school education In Kenya: Emerging issues and policy implications Volume of Issue 6. Nairobi: IPAR.
Njeru, H.E., & Orodho, J.A. (2003). Financing Education in Kenya: Secondary School Bursary School Implementation and Challenges, Discussion Paper 035/2003, Nairobi: Institute of Policy analysis and Research.
Njuguna, F.W & Muchanje, P.N. (2019). Socio-economic factors affecting retention of boy-child in Secondary Schools of Mathioya, Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 10(29), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.7176/jep/10-29-10
Nora, A. (2016). The role of perception of Prejudiced and discrimination on the Adjustment of minority students in F College. Journal of Higher Education, 67(2), 1538-4640.
OECD. (2015). Education Policy Outlook. Making Reforms Happen. OECD Library. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10:17/97/89264225442-e
Ohba, A. (2009). Does Free Secondary Education enable the poor to Gain Access? A study from rural Kenya, CREATE Pathways to Access Research Monograph No. 21. Retrieved from: http://www.create-rpc.org/pdf_documents/PTA21.pdf
Oso, W. Y. & Onen, D. (2009). A general guide to writing research proposal and report Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation
Ouma, J.M. (2016). Fifty years of Boy Child Education in Kenya: A Paradigm shift. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5(9)53-57. Retrieved from HTTP://www.jhssi.org/Papers (9) version 2/B0520610.pdf.
Preston, Smith, and Calder (2016). The Impact of Cost of Childrens’ Participation in School- Based Experience: Parents Perceptions. New Zealand Association for Research in Education
Spata, A.V. (2003). Research Methods in Psychology: Science and Diversity. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley
UGCIDP. (2013-2018). Uasin Gishu County Integrated Development Plan. Retrieved From: https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/841
UNESCO. (2014). Progress in getting all children to school stalls but some countries show the way forward. Paris: UNESCO
UNESCO. (2019). Migration, Displacement and Education: Building Bridges, not Walls. Global Education Monitoring Report (1ST Ed.). Paris: UNESCO
UNESCO. (2015). Education for All 2000-2015: Achievement and Challenges: EFA Global Monitoring reports 2015, PP.75-103. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2017). Strengthening peer learning of education policies for SDG 4: the role of Regional organizations. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2021). Global education monitoring report, 2021/2: non-state actors in education: who chooses? who loses? Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO & UNICEF. (2007). A Human Right Based Approach to Education for All. A Frame Work for the Realization of Children’s Rights to Education and Rights within Education. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund/ United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
UNWOMEN. (2022) Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: the gender Snapshot. Retrieved from: progress-on-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-gender-snapshot
Wachiye, W. & Nasonga, J. (2010). Access to secondary education through the Constituency bursary fund in Kanduyi Constituency Kenya. Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. Retrieved from: http://www.academicjournal.org/err2.
World Bank. (2004), Strengthening the Foundation of Education and Training in Kenya Report No. 28064_KE. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank. (2010). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
World Bank. (2011). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty Washington D.C: The World Bank.
World Bank. (2014). World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Poverty Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (2nd Ed.). New York: Harper & Rovo.
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Published
2022-12-05
How to Cite
Jeptanui, N., Ogeta, N. ., & Nderitu, J. (2022). Effect of Direct Costs of Education on Students’ Transition Rate in Public Boarding Secondary Schools in Kenya. Journal of Education, 5(5), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t2110
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